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Element - Term used in sampling to refer to the objects on which measurements are to be taken, such as individuals, households, business firms, or other institutions.

Equivalence - Measure of reliability that is applied to both single instruments and measurement situations. When applied to instruments, the equivalence measure of reliability is the internal consistency or internal homogeneity of the set of items forming the scale; when applied to measurement situations, the equivalence measure of reliability focuses on whether different observers or different instruments used to measure the same individuals or objects at the same point in time yield consistent results.

Experience Survey - Interviews with people knowledgeable about the general subject being investigated.

Exploratory Research - Research design in which the major emphasis is on gaining ideas and insights; it is particularly helpful in breaking broad, vague problem statements into smaller, more precise sub problem statements.

External Validity - One criterion by which an experiment is evaluated; the extent to which the observed experimental effect can be generalized to other populations and settings.